New free short course on the human rights to water and sanitation in informal settlements, and a new way of looking at Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) in WASH Access to clean water and sanitation are fundamental human rights, yet for many living in informal settlements (sometimes referred to as slums, or low-income areas), these essential services remain out of reach. Vulnerable groups, particularly women, face significant barriers due to discrimination and corruption. In informal settlements, prejudice, technical challenges, climate change, and unclear mandates often compound the issues. This can open the door to water cartels or mafias. It is a source of water insecurity for many cities.  The new online course, Integrity in Informal Settlements: Securing the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation , addresses these critical issues and promotes integrity as a means to change the situation in informal settlements. It aims to help understand risks driving inadequate service and to find new ways to provide decent services to all, including in informal and low-income areas. It draws on good practices from Peru, South Africa, Kenya and more. The high impact of poor integrity and corruption in informal settlements, including sextortion Vulnerable people bear the brunt of integrity failures and corruption in the water sector. People living in informal settlements often pay significantly more for water than neighbours in wealthier areas. Their water is often of dubious quality as no checks or standards are in place for their (often informal) service providers. Residents of low-income areas also face high risks of extortion and petty corruption – for help with access, a better meter reading, or other favours. There are also issues of poor bad planning, poor data, conflict of interest and predatory behaviour. Sextortion, where a sexual act is extorted as a bribe instead of money, is not uncommon. Poverty, water insecurity, low literacy, prejudice and difficult relationships with law enforcement, all drive risk for sextortion. In informal settlements, risks are therefore high. What this means overall is that ordinary people lose out, with their health, time, and livelihoods. A water integrity approach focuses on understanding these specific risks and tackling them directly instead of ignoring them. It is a crucial element of good governance and an important component of service delivery programmes and of policy to achieve the SDGs. About the course Integrity in Informal Settlements: Securing the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation focuses on the intersection of corruption, integrity, and service delivery in informal settlements. The course covers: Manifestations of integrity failures: Analyse factors influencing water and sanitation services in informal settlements. Examine the impact of poor integrity in informal settlements and test your knowledge on service provision dynamics. Equal rights and clear responsibilities: Explore equity in service delivery, focusing on ensuring equal access to water and sanitation. Strengthening integrity: Explore strategies to enhance integrity and address corruption, promoting the human rights to water and sanitation. Learn about the TAPA framework (Transparency, Accountability, Participation, and Anti-corruption) and its role in addressing corruption. What you'll gain This comprehensive course blends readings, case studies, videos, discussions, and quizzes. Participants, including policymakers, practitioners, researchers, and students, will gain: Insights into diverse perspectives and potential solutions. Practical skills for combating corruption and promoting integrity. Join us By addressing discrimination and corruption in water and sanitation service delivery, and promoting gender equality and social inclusion, we pave the way for fair access and the realisation of human rights to water and sanitation obligations. Join us in building a future where water and sanitation are truly accessible to everyone. The short course is online for free in English and Spanish. It is offered in partnership with Cap-Net and SIWI.

Water crisis is not just a result of lack of water Photo - VictorHugoGaribay - IStock Photos A long-read by Kelly Acuña and Rebecca Sands, Water Integrity Network - Programme Leads. Greater Mexico City, home to nearly 23 million people, is in the throes of a severe water crisis. 84% of the country’s territory is currently grappling with some degree of drought, with 100% of Mexico City experiencing severe drought as of May 15, 2024 . The prolonged drought and unprecedented temperatures are prompting fears of an impending "Day Zero" scenario. The impact of climate change on water and sanitation service delivery is tremendous and cannot be underestimated. However, a lack of water is not solely to blame for the water crisis in Mexico City . With claims of severe mismanagement and warnings by residents and officials alike that have gone neglected for the better part of a decade, we must examine the degree to which weak integrity is contributing to the dire situation for many. Mismanagement and weak controls: exacerbating the strain on already limited resources Mexico City's historical abundance of rainfall once provided ample water for its residents, but urbanization has transformed its landscape into concrete and steel. Unmanageable growth and the depletion of green areas, needed for replenishing aquifers, is aggravating water scarcity. One important reason for this is the expansion of “ carteles inmobiliarios ”, or real estate cartels, many of whom obtain construction permits from the city government indiscriminately or illegally, leaving behind social and environmental damage. Water provision in Mexico City has necessitated complex and costly engineering solutions. The city now relies heavily on aquifers hundreds of meters underground or water sourced from over 100 kilometers away via the Cutzamala reservoir system . Excessive groundwater extraction is causing the city to sink and Mexico City's approach has become unsustainable, inefficient, and financially burdensome. The issues are compounded by unregulated extraction practices . Even where entities have the permits to drill new wells, there is little to no abstraction control, which often results in water users exceeding the extraction limits. Moreover, mismanagement of water resources and the inadequate maintenance of water infrastructure has led to very high water losses (40%), attributable in part to both deteriorating pipes and illegal connections . Corruption has an intricate relationship with non-revenue water , as it hampers oversight, weakens institutional capacity to address the issue, contributes to poor quality infrastructure, and diverts funds needed for essential maintenance, upgrades and monitoring. Inequality of access, water theft and misappropriation When so many residents of the city already face significant restrictions and water poverty , a 40% loss of water is maddening. The impacts of water stress in Mexico City are highly unequal and particularly severe in low-income, peri-urban neighbourhoods. While wealthier areas of the city seem largely unaffected, water cuts have grown more extreme for the city’s underserved or areas with high level of social marginalization. In some communities, it is not uncommon for residents to go without running water for months –a regular occurrence even before the current crisis began. On top of this, due to poor access or no piped infrastructure at all, residents living in low-income areas must often resort to different means to secure just enough water to get by: a community faucet, a well, the purchasing of bottled water, or water truck delivery. Water quality is often suboptimal, the daily search -often assigned to women or female heads-of households- is time consuming and exhausting, and the costs are high. Water truck delivery is up to 14 times more expensive than regular water service from the public network. “Poor water management in the city has increased burdens on women who are heads of households, thus reducing their financial and time resources to access equal job, educational, and social opportunities. Additionally, the unreliability of water services has disproportionately affected historically marginalized communities, turning the water crisis into a social issue.” -Tamara Luengo, Aqueducto Water theft is also a major issue There are thieves that tap pipelines and illegally sell back water to vulnerable water users for an inflated cost. Stealing water to sell illegally, or ‘huachicoleo’, is increasingly profitable  as the city’s delivery system becomes more unreliable. The current concession system appears to give preferential treatment to private companies who use billions of litres of water per year -often exceeding what is allowed with impunity. There is often inaccurate data on water use and payment and continued commercialization of water sourced from non-complying water permits. All this, while wealthy Mexicans allegedly continue to fill artificial lakes for aesthetic purposes and high-end tourist resorts use the resource at alarming rates . And it is not just Mexico City’s residents who are suffering. Communities outside of the city who once had plentiful lakes to fish in and source their daily water have seen these disappear. Today, on the shores of their dry lakebeds, wells are being installed to extract groundwater and pump it all the way to the capital . Lack of transparency Another major issue highlighted by residents and experts alike is the lack of transparency about the real situation of the Cutzamala system. In early 2024, the National Institute of Transparency, Access to Information and Protection of Personal Data (INAI) requested the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) to report on the hydraulic infrastructure that currently connects the country's dams with towns, cities, municipalities, states or any other destination. CONAGUA allegedly did not forward the request for information to all of its competent administrative units and there is uncertainty whether CONAGUA provided all the information available. INAI determined that CONAGUA did not comply with the search procedure established by the Federal Law of Transparency and Access to Public Information and called into question CONAGUA’s ability to monitor the exploitation of water resources across the country. Given that CONAGUA itself has often referred to the complexities and deficiencies of water resources across the country, INAI has reaffirmed that access to this information is all the more important in order to understand possible lines of action in the event of shortages . “ The information that is generated around the issue of water is of utmost relevance to decision-making and also to the generation of public policies to guarantee the human right that every person has to access information related to the provision and sanitation of water for personal and domestic consumption, which must be sufficient, healthy, acceptable and affordable ,” warned the INAI through commissioner Josefina Román Vergara (translated from Spanish). There is also lack of transparency on water quality throughout the city, as exemplified by the recent case of water contamination in the district of Benito Juárez. In early April, more than 400 people complained about the quality of their water . After testing water samples, the Mexico City water supplier (SACMEX) initially determined that the water was of good quality. However, they subsequently advised residents of the area not to drink or bathe with it. No information was provided on the source of possible contamination nor potential health risks. Further, on April 29, SACMEX made the decision to keep the laboratory results confidential for the next three years so that they are not “erroneously interpreted”. This appears to be a clear violation of the human right to access information, recognised in the constitution itself. Politicization in the face of low accountability The city's water crisis has arrived alongside a crucial moment: the Mexican general election is slated for June 2, 2024. For voters, the crisis cannot be ignored. In February, for the first time, water scarcity surpassed security as the main concern of Mexico City's residents, with the percentage of voters flagging the issue more than tripling from last May, according to the research firm Aragon . An activist protests Mexico's water legislation outside the National Water Commission offices in Mexico City on World Water Day, March 23, 2023. Her sign reads: "It's not drought, it's plunder. No to the privatization of water." Cody Copeland for Courthouse News For Raúl Rodríguez Márquez, president of the Water Advisory Council (a CSO dedicated to convening different stakeholders around water challenges in Mexico), the most serious issue is that the problem is not being adequately recognized. “ They say that to solve a problem the first thing you have to do is recognize it, and we believe that the authorities still do not see this as a serious problem ,” he explained to reporters at CNN . The lack of recognition of the problem and concerns of residents, by relevant authorities and decision-makers, is weakening accountability. In this setting, the crisis is being politicized by incumbents and challengers alike. Despite CONAGUA appearing unable to provide documentation on the country’s water infrastructure and dam connections to inform possible plans of action, it assured BBC Mundo that a potential “Day Zero” date of June 26 is a misinterpretation of different scenarios. In recent months, CONAGUA has since declined multiple interview requests and will not answer specific questions on the prospect of such a scenario. Current officeholders are also downplaying the issue. In a press conference on February 14 , Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador said that work was underway to address the water problems. The specifics of such work were not clarified. Meanwhile, Mexico City’s mayor, Martí Batres Guadarrama, said in a recent press conference that reports of day zero were “fake news” , spread by political opponents. Conversely, the opposition is seizing on the crisis to stoke voters’ fears about water security. In early 2024, opposition presidential candidate Xóchitl Gálvez stated in multiple interviews that even in April there could be limited availability to pump water to the city . This prediction has not materialized. Further muddying the waters, José Luis Luege, the former head of CONAGUA, is a part of Gálvez’s campaign team. Lastly, ostracization of the media is obstructing transparency and public scrutiny. On April 11, President López Obrador confronted Telemundo journalist  Vanessa Hauc over water shortages in Mexico. Hauc stated that data from CONAGUA warns that 3 out of every 10 Mexican households do not have access to water, and cited specific information about the state of Chiapas, where vulnerable populations do not have access to water. As a response, President López Obrador accused the media of not being objective or professional. In the face of a potentially grave situation, the absence of accountability for the historic and continued dysfunction of the system, as well as a lack of critical information on the country’s water resources and infrastructure, have allowed politicians to manipulate the narrative. As the election approaches, the politicization of the water crisis continues, leaving residents to grapple with an uncertain future. One-sided solutions? The solutions to the crisis currently being proposed are centred on building mega infrastructure to bring water from areas outside Mexico City. Some of these areas such as Tabasco or Chiapas (suggested by president Obrador), are almost 1,000 miles away. On top of taking water from these communities, such a solution is costly, energy-intensive, and does nothing to solve the problem of the water being wasted once it arrives in the city, nor the issues related to decision-making around allocation . On its website, CONAGUA has announced a three-year project aimed at enhancing water infrastructure to better manage the stress related to reductions from the Cutzamala system. The project includes the installation of new wells and the commissioning of water treatment plants.  Physical improvements to the system are certainly necessary. However, approaches that rely almost exclusively on technological solutions continue to ignore the ways in which poor governance and corruption are contributing to the problem and hampering the development of adequate and effective infrastructure in the first place. Moreover, experts indicate that even if the city had the necessary funds –which it does not– the extensive construction needed for a swift infrastructure overhaul is unfeasible in a city with such a large population and so many daily commuters. In the Mexican press and in the run-up to June’s election, there are debates on whether to involve the private sector more strongly in finding solutions. Opposition figure Santiago Taboada, for example, has proposed public-private models, citing the lack of enough public money to fix the crisis. Such a solution also needs to be examined in light of the specific and underlying integrity risks that can jeopardise its effectiveness and affect service to those most in need . Integirty risks related to PPPs in water and sanitation can include conflicts of interest, flexibility built into long-term contracts that may create space for low accountability, a higher probability of bribery and collusion due to the often very high value of contracts , and challenges for monitoring and regulation brought on by limited transparency in complex financial structures. PPPs are also not immune to questionable electoral campaign dynamics, where companies may work to finance their supporters’ campaigns in exchange for favourable policies. So, what can be done for integrity? Increase transparency Regardless of the upcoming election results, those in power must prioritize transparency, ensuring that everyone has unobstructed access to information about water use (including that of private companies), availability, dam levels, groundwater resources, service levels in underserved areas, water quality, utility budgets, financial capacities, and efforts to reduce non-revenue water. Transparency also goes hand in hand with accountability, which can be supported by civil society organizations and oversight institutions like INAI and InfoCDMX. These organisations currently face threats of reduction or elimination by the government. Their preservation and strengthening must be prioritized. Additionally, the media must be protected and supported so they can play their role in disseminating information and holding politicians accountable. Focus on equity in allocation Leaders need to engage more effectively with communities and civil society to address equity of access and local solutions for water issues. Many low-income communities have long experienced day-zero conditions and continue to feel excluded from decision-making. Strengthening the Consejos de Cuenca , a mechanism that incorporates citizen participation in water resource decisions, and publishing information on their activities and outcomes, is essential. Additionally, reinforcing the human right to water in legal frameworks is crucial, such as through the establishment of water as a national common, where decisions about its use must come from all of Mexico’s people. Amend concessions and implement anti-corruption mechanisms in their enforcement The current system of water concessions results: in a profound lack of information about how much water private companies extract and for what purposes, in the government's inability to collect payments or monitor how water resources are exploited, and in the inequity of distribution. Al Jazeera has reported, that what existing water regulations do exist are poorly enforced and often circumvented by corruption . The effective monitoring of concessions needs to be greatly improved . The system itself probably also needs to be overhauled, likely through a new General Water Law. This law should prioritize the human rights to water and sanitation and the people over profit by restricting water concessions in areas facing shortages or drought and prioritizing personal and domestic water use. Central to a new law should also be robust anti-corruption instruments that mitigate issues such as falsified documents in the obtaining of concessions . Address risk in early-stage decision and planning processes Infrastructure upgrades and technical solutions are likely to remain a priority. It is therefore crucial to strengthen early-stage decision-making, budgeting, and planning processes so that the right infrastructure is built , where it is most needed, and with high standards. These steps are vital for mitigating various integrity risks such as conflict of interest or misuse of public funds. Organizations like WIN and CoST – the Infrastructure Transparency Initiative have developed tools to assist with these processes. Change the norms, make integrity the expectation and priority Promoting and valuing integrity to change social norms and organisational culture can go a long way. Accepting or expecting corruption as the default should no longer be an option. For example, as highlighted in the upcoming Water Integrity Global Outlook on Finance , when presented with information showing that most other people were opposed to corruption, participants in Mexico felt an increase in trust in other people’s views. This information also made them more likely to reject the idea that corruption was an inherent part of Mexican culture and decreased the likelihood of paying a bribe. These findings are hugely important, implying that the correct messaging can significantly affect participation in corrupt activities . Strong, ethical leadership is also crucial, to make sure there is no easy reason and rationalisation for corruption. The upcoming Mexican election presents a timely opportunity for the city and country’s leadership to rise to the occasion. Disclaimer: At WIN we value honest and open discussion. We are a multi-stakeholder network and our site brings together perspectives from across the board. Not all views expressed here reflect official policies .

Robust regulatory mechanisms can play a crucial role in limiting integrity risks. Bangladesh is working on developing an entirely new regulatory system for water and sanitation. This system will have to address fragementation, conflicts of interest, and integrity issues. Guest post by ITN-BUET The primary goal of the International Training Network Centre of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (ITN-BUET) is to achieve an improved human resource base that promotes sustainable development of water supply and sanitation. It strives for expansion of the knowledge base through networking. It acts as a bridge between stakeholders, creating opportunities for the academicians and implementers join a common forum and work hand in hand for the WASH sector. Bangladesh, with its growing population and urbanisation, faces significant challenges in ensuring adequate water supply and sanitation services. According to the latest Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) report [1], the national coverage rates for safely managed water supply and sanitation are 59% and 31% respectively. A lack of transparency and low accountability in service delivery enable common malpractice, compounding the service challenges further. Unethical practices, illegal activities, and fraud hinder fair and sustainable water and sanitation services. Establishing robust regulatory mechanisms is a vital policy intervention to address these challenges, promote sector goals in the public interest, and balance the competing interests of various stakeholders. Evidence suggests that having a formal regulatory body can lead to more consistent application of regulatory functions .[2] Currently, in Bangladesh the WASH regulatory mandate is fragmented. Multiple entities are involved, including Water Supply and Sewerage Authorities (WASAs) and Local Government Institutions (LGIs), which often act as both service providers and regulators. This overlap creates conflicts of interest and leads to various integrity issues that undermine the effectiveness of regulation, and ultimately of service . Bangladesh is following the Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) framework to achieve SDG 6.2 targets. Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) is prioritised under the approach. To do so, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has formulated the Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Faecal Sludge Management (IRF-FSM) . [3] It designates LGIs as the primary service authorities for non-sewered sanitation (NSS). The regulatory roles for FSM services remain ambiguous however, and the development and enforcement of integrity mechanisms remain limited. The Eighth Five Year Plan of the GoB [4] highlights the set-up of a formal WASH regulatory system as a key policy action. The Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development & Co-operatives (MoLGRD&C) is taking this forward with support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). ITN-BUET, in collaboration with the Institute of Water Modelling (IWM), is providing technical support for this initiative. --- THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE URBAN SANITATION REGULATION The decision to establish a regulatory system is spurred by sectoral challenges, coordination gaps in policy implementation and limited private sector engagement. Several other factors are also driving this process, including a number related to integrity risks. Integrity risks in financial management and governance In service delivery across the country, there are integrity concerns related to governance, finance, human resources, procurement, project implementation and customer relations. For example, public procurement is prone to mismanagement, corruption, and vendors’ ploys, as it is everywhere. The World Bank's evaluation of Bangladesh  [5] found the procurement process to be highly unsatisfactory, citing problems such as inadequate advertisement, short bidding periods, vague specifications, non-disclosure of selection criteria, one-sided contract terms, unnecessary rebidding, and frequent instances of corruption at the national level. Furthermore, misuse of public funds, discriminatory allocation of resources, and the exploitation of monopoly power by service providers to overcharge customers are major areas of concern. Irregularities in recruitment processes, nepotism in contract awards, and issues related to hiring qualified staff have also been noted. There are cases where bribes are extorted for basic services and the suppression of complaints is common. Undue political interference Unethical or overreaching actions of political leaders can cause major setbacks, hindering the ability to make impactful decisions and deliver services fairly. For example, though WASA boards are meant to operate independently, the involvement of high-level political figures in WASA affairs can create significant challenges and compromise the ability to act in the public rather than personal interests. Similarly, elected representatives of LGIs often fail to exercise the powers granted to them by the LGI Act, prioritising public support for political gain over effective governance. --- THE PATH FORWARD For the definition of a new regulatory system and in light of these factors, two considerations emerge. First there is a need to ensure financial and political autonomy of regulators and service providers both for effective regulation and for the effective implementation of CWIS and the delivery of pro-poor services. Rather than political motivations, clear criteria for equitable and optimised service delivery, should guide sector developments and the selection of water and sanitation service point locations. Second, adequate regulatory attention must be paid to those integrity risks that hold services back. With regard to international best practices and the country’s institutional and financial context, ministerial regulation appears to be suitable for a country like Bangladesh and could be set up to address these considerations. The proposed system should be able to set the roles of water and sanitation service providers, set service standards, manage monitoring and reporting mechanisms, and wield sanctions and incentives, to enable: • Improved service quality, sustainability, and equity, and customer satisfaction • Financial sustainability of water and sanitation service providers There are a number of next steps to take in establishing this regulatory system and make it effective. Firstly, establishing a coordination platform that unites all regulatory and service delivery entities —including the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), WASAs, and LGIs—is essential. This platform will help clarify and streamline the roles and responsibilities of those involved in service delivery and regulation. Secondly, increasing and training staff for all WASH services in these entities will improve monitoring and regulation. Strengthening corporate governance of public utilities also requires targeted training, such as training for boards of directors of WASAs. Thirdly, enabling greater involvement of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) is also vital, as these can help mitigate undue political interference and hold public officials accountable. They can do this by actively participating in open decision-making processes, conducting social audits, and raising voices in public hearing platforms. Fourthly, developing and enforcing clear standards for service provision is a first measure to take —such as with service level requirements, tariff-setting guidelines and adjustment procedures. Finally, ensuring transparency and accountability must be part of the regulator’s responsibilities. This can be done first through standardised monitoring and reporting requirements, with incentives for regularly updating the data and information. Making performance data publicly available through digital tools like e-PMIS and e-GPS will also improve transparency and enable the public to access information on service quality. --- The establishment of a water and sanitation regulatory system is a crucial step towards ensuring sustainable and equitable access to water and sanitation services in Bangladesh. By addressing the challenges faced by the sector and providing a robust regulatory framework, the government can improve the lives of millions of people and contribute to the country's overall development. References: [1] JMP. (2022). Wash Data. Retrieved from: https://washdata.org/data/household [2] ESAWAS. (2022). The Water Supply and Sanitation Regulatory Landscape Across Africa: Continent-Wide Synthesis Report. Retrieved from: http://www.ppa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Esawas_Report_2022.pdf [3] Policy Support Branch, Ministry of Local Government Rural Development & Cooperatives, GoB. (2017, October). Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Faecal Sludge Management (IRF-FSM). Retrieved from: https://itn.buet.ac.bd/web/resource-category/national-documents/page/2/ [4] Bangladesh Planning Commission, Ministry of Planning, GoB. (2020). 8th Five Year Plan. Retrieved from: https://plancomm.gov.bd/site/files/8ec347dc-4926-4802-a839-7569897e1a7a/8th-Five-Year-Plan  [5] World Bank (2002). Bangladesh Country Procurement Assessment report. Retrieved from: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/812041468743656486/bangladesh-country-procurement-assessment-report Disclaimer: At WIN we value honest and open discussion. We are a multi-stakeholder network and our site brings together perspectives from across the board. Not all views expressed here reflect official policies .

Urban sanitation is critical to human dignity and public health but it is often undermined by poor integrity which results in substandard service delivery, financial losses, and ongoing inequities. A new report offers insight into integrity in the provision of urban sanitation services by focusing on the role of regulators. The reports, based on studies from Tanzania, Rwanda, Zambia, and Bangladesh, examine the current regulatory framework for urban sanitation, and unpack some best practices for the promotion of both Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) and integrity more broadly.   Photo by Sincerely Media - Unsplash --- Integrity Failures in Urban Sanitation: A Hidden Challenge  CWIS aims to provide safe sanitation services across entire cities, incorporating both sewered and non-sewered systems, and engaging private and informal providers alongside public utilities. CWIS and integrity approaches go hand in hand as they both address issues of inclusion and accountability. However, poor integrity can still compromise CWIS, as it can any urban sanitation.     Corruption, financial mismanagement, undue political interference, unfair labour practices and exploitation of sanitation workers, are all integrity risks that can undermine the delivery of safely managed sanitation in cities. Many integrity risks are driven by weak regulatory environments, where undue political interference and limited regulatory autonomy hamper efforts to hold service providers accountable.  The research from Tanzania, Rwanda, Zambia, and Bangladesh highlights the importance of an integrity approach to urban sanitation regulation and provision.   --- Strengthening Regulation for Urban Sanitation  Regulation is essential for ensuring equitable, sustainable, and inclusive sanitation services. In countries like Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia, broad regulatory mechanisms are already being introduced to regulate non-sewered sanitation. This includes setting standards for monitoring urban sanitation provision including non-sewered sanitation, or expanding performance monitoring of different service providers in Tanzania, or a sanitation surcharge to finance sanitation developments in Zambia.   The studies point out that though much progress has already been made, also thanks to and through the CWIS approach, there is still a long way to go , especially in terms of addressing integrity risks. Comprehensive reform is required, though one challenge is that regulatory mechanisms for integrity are often developed and overseen by different agencies. This makes cooperation across agencies and data sharing a key element of reform.   --- Regulating for Integrity in Sanitation Provision   A comprehensive regulatory framework should include: broad regulatory mechanisms for expanded sanitation access, tailored to different service providers and technologies,   specific regulatory mechanisms to also address integrity risks in different processes, from human resources to procurement and customer relations,   a strengthened regulatory environment, with autonomy and resources for the regulator, as well as transparency and open civic space.   The findings underscore the importance of cross-government collaboration and civil society involvement in preventing corruption. Regulators, government bodies, and civil society organizations must work together to identify and address integrity risks at every stage of the sanitation service chain, from project planning and budget allocation, through procurement, to service delivery.  The Rwanda regulatory agency uses a bribery index report developed by civil society to inform its action. Zambia’s water watch groups are another interesting example that could be expanded to cover sanitation services, where citizens could be involved in reporting issues and monitoring service quality.  --- Moving Forward  Improving urban sanitation is not just about expanding infrastructure—it’s about ensuring that the systems in place are fair, transparent, and sustainable. By focusing on integrity and enhancing the role of regulators, cities can move closer to achieving Citywide Inclusive Sanitation and realising the human right to sanitation.   Regulators should conduct regular assessments of urban sanitation regulation that include identification of key integrity and corruption risks. They can then plan for adaptations through a participatory process.  Read more about WIN's CWIS programme and download the full report on Regulation of Urban Sanitation Stay tuned for individual country reports and more insight on integrity for regulation and integrity for CWIS. Disclaimer: At WIN we value honest and open discussion. We are a multi-stakeholder network and our site brings together perspectives from across the board. Not all views expressed here reflect official policies .

In Kenya, a new petition in parliament against sexual corruption (sextortion) is the result of years of campaigning led by water sector organisations. Here's how they did it. The journey to recognizing sexual corruption, or sextortion, as a significant issue in Kenya has been long and challenging, but it also stands as a testament to the success achieved through perseverance and collaboration. This story showcases the Kenyan water sector's pivotal role in rallying other sectors to combat the problem collectively. In a conversation with two key figures in the movement—Sareen Malik of ANEW and Malesi Shivaji of KEWASNET—we explored the process of researching, advocating, and engaging with decision makers to get sexual corruption on the political agenda. The discussion’s insights offer valuable guidance for other partners and sectors inspired to address this critical issue. --- Part I – “It was like a whisper” Recognizing what was under our noses all along For Malesi, governance challenges represent the most significant barrier to achieving universal access to water and sanitation in Kenya. They first encountered the issue of sexual corruption, while working on governance in informal settlements through KEWASNET's human rights-based approach program. However, they quickly realized that the problem extended far beyond informal settlements, reaching into other vulnerable settings, such as humanitarian and emergency situations. This broader understanding revealed the pervasive nature of sexual corruption, affecting those in desperate need of essential resources. For Sareen, the moment of reckoning came with the acceptance of the sector's failure to acknowledge this issue. Despite the existence of documented cases of sexual exploitation in other areas, such as "sex for fish" or "sex for pads," the sector had overlooked the occurrence of such abuses in contexts where water and sanitation access is critically limited. This realization prompted a deep reflection on how such a significant issue could have been missed, and what the next steps might be. Acknowledging the need to address sextortion, despite anticipating serious backlash, was a crucial first step. The transgression had become so normalized, and power dynamics had so significantly played into the emergence of the issue, that many were often unaware of how serious sexual corruption really is. To combat this, the strategy involved legitimizing the issue at the international level by building on the work of the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), and then bringing this momentum back to Kenya. --- Part II – “They drink their abuse every day. They wash themselves with their abuse every day.” The movement picks up steam The impacts of the #MeToo movement in 2017 helped bring more attention to sexual corruption, despite initial scepticism and resistance. This led to obtaining crucial financial support, which allowed KEWASNET and ANEW to collect further evidence of the alarming extent of the issue in two of Kenya’s largest informal settlements and to start to initiate action – in the communities themselves, but also across other sectors. Responses to the evidence showcased the struggle that people have to see the connection between sexual abuse and water access, or access to other essential services. Still others, particularly key decision makers or leaders, sought to denounce the evidence altogether. This is where having the numbers played an important role. Critically, the programme’s interventions also sought to re-centre people, and the impact that sexual corruption has on their lives. Part of this meant unbundling issues of consent, power, and vulnerability alongside cultural and societal norms and behaviours. --- Part III – “In the best way possible, it became bigger than the water sector.” From research, to advocacy, to entering the legal sphere Building on the research findings through persistent advocacy and convening with other affected sectors, the movement ultimately managed to engage key policymakers. This was possible via the support of Hon. Esther Passaris, as she was able to escalate the issue all the way up to the national parliament as well as advise on legal support. With the backing of the Kenyan Law Reform Commission and financial support from Avaaz, a workshop to draft an official petition took place. Behind the scenes, a great deal of work took place to cultivate relationships and continue the conversation with lawmakers who were interested in getting the issue on the agenda. As an advice to other organizations who have similar ambitions, Sareen and Malesi are clear: get out of your comfort zone, get creative, and mobilize the masses. Dedication, ownership, and perseverance are what it takes. --- So what is next?  On April 17, 2024, a petition was officially submitted and read in Kenya’s parliament. The petition seeks to explicitly define sexual corruption as an offense, establish clear provisions on penalties, and provide support to victims. The business of making laws is a long game, and while the final steps in this journey could be another few years down the road, the good news is that the parliamentary legal committee has taken the petition on for refinement. In Sareen’s words, “We are confident that it is going to go through.”  Disclaimer: At WIN we value honest and open discussion. We are a multi-stakeholder network and our site brings together perspectives from across the board. Not all views expressed here reflect official policies .

Water Integrity Global Outlook 3 – Global Launch    Access to water and sanitation are human rights. Yet millions worldwide still lack adequate access. The newly launched Water Integrity Global Outlook: Improving integrity in Water and Sanitation Finance  (WIGO: Finance) takes a hard look at the money flows behind water and sanitation programmes. It highlights the integrity issues threatening our basic rights and proposes pathways for action to increase effectiveness of water and sanitation investments.  At our launch event on September 11, 2024, partners highlighted the critical link between integrity, governance, and successful service delivery. The discussions were powerful and offered a clear call to action.   Thank you to our keynote speaker Sanjay Pradhan, CEO of the Open Government Partnership, and to our esteemed panellists: Saroj Kumar Jha, Global Director of the Water Global Practice, World Bank; Catarina Fonseca, Associate of IRC; Willis Ombai, CEO of the Water Sector Trust Fund; and David Boys, Deputy General Secretary of Public Services International.  --- Full Recording: Contact us to share feedback and questions --- The Case for Integrity in Water and Sanitation Financing   Letitia Obeng, Chair of the WIN Supervisory Board, kicked off the event by stressing that integrity failures drain funds that could otherwise be used to deliver sustainable services. Without integrity, transparency and accountability, the sector cannot close the funding gap or deliver on promises to provide clean water and sanitation to all.  Keynote speaker, Sanjay Pradhan, CEO of the Open Government Partnership (OGP), drew on real-world examples, such as Uganda’s early efforts to combat leakages in education financing, to show the impact of corruption on essential services and the power of open government approaches. Pradhan made a compelling case for focusing on financing outcomes . He highlighted transparency, civic engagement, and accountability, as the keys to tackling corruption in water and sanitation financing.     “As we all care about water and sanitation outcomes, we cannot escape the imperative of focusing on corruption and leakages. And for this, open government approaches can help. […] And these open government approaches can consist of two elements.  First, transparency and disclosure by the government of the financing, and second, an engaged citizenry that follows the money, demands accountability and provides feedback which government reformers respond to.” – Sanjay Pradhan, CEO of OGP  --- Key Takeaways  Understanding the Scale of the Problem WIGO: Finance  points to the staggering statistic that up to 26% of water investments are lost due to corruption, noting such figures can only be a limited estimate. The human, social, and environmental costs are significantly higher, as are the costs to government and service provider credibility.   The report underscores the need to tackle integrity at all stages, from upstream planning to downstream service delivery.  Three Pillars for Reform: Public Finance, Stakeholder Engagement, and Integrity Culture  Barbara Schreiner, WIN's Executive Director, presented the report and emphasised its practical approach. She outlined three key areas of work to prioritise:  Improving public financial management : Transparent financial reporting, such as making financial data from utilities publicly available in digital formats, is vital. Whistleblower protection was also highlighted as a critical tool in uncovering corruption, with Schreiner urging all stakeholders to establish policies that enable safe reporting of malpractice.  Enabling stakeholder engagement : Governments, water and sanitation institutions, and service providers must defend civic space and involve civil society and communities in monitoring projects and expenditures.  Building a culture of integrity : Ethical leadership, rewards for honest behaviour, and clear accountability mechanisms can prevent corruption from festering.  No Reason, No Room, No Reprieve: A Needed Holistic Approach Against Corruption There is no one-size-fits-all solution to integrity issues.   An effective approach must combine efforts to:  enforce sanctions and stop impunity (no reprieve),   strengthen systems and close loopholes (no room), and  build a culture of integrity, taking into account the social norms used to rationalise corruption (no reason).  Collaboration for Integrity All participants spoke of the need for water and sanitation stakeholders to work together, with financing institutions, and particularly with local and civil society organisations. Schreiner and Pradhan specifically urged all to build bridges with anti-corruption and integrity organisations.     “The water and sanitation community and the open government community must forge stronger partnerships where they have been typically operating in parallel silos.”  – Sanjay Pradhan, CEO of OGP    --- Expert Insights and Proposals on Tackling Integrity Issues  Saroj Kumar Jha –   Global Director of the Water Global Practice, World Bank Saroj Kumar Jha emphasised the importance of transparency and made three proposals for promoting integrity in the work of the Bank: First, on transparency, he insisted that recipients of World Bank funding should prepare and disclose audited financial statements.   Second, he proposed not just making such transparency a condition, but helping utilities and governments to be able to prepare such statements.   Finally, he proposed moving away from a culture of financing goods and services to financing outcomes. This implies increasingly adopting Performance-Based Financing  where funds are disbursed only when tangible outcomes, such as new water connections for communities, are delivered. On this point, he clarified that governments are expected to show commitment to funded programmes and advance the necessary resources. They can nevertheless receive advance resources from the World Bank of up to 25% of the total when necessary.    Catarina Fonseca – Associate at IRC, Director of Pulsing Tides   Catarina Fonseca offered insights on three red flags she sees in her work tracking sector data and developing financing strategies for water and sanitation:   Lack of transparency around budgets, loans, and expenditure, especially in the urban sanitation sub-sector.  Use of very specific local taxes meant for the water and sanitation sectors in other sectors .  Persistent infrastructure failure despite massive increases in budgets.  She further discussed the need for more transparency on the cost of capital, urging donors and finance institutions to report on their loan conditions and technical assistance requirements, to ensure they do not add to the financial burdens of already debt-strapped countries. Fonseca concluded that investing in civil society’s ability to track and hold governments accountable throughout the budgeting cycle is one of the most cost-effective ways to combat corruption and ensure that funds are spent where they are needed most.  Willis Ombai – CEO of the Water Sector Trust Fund Willis Ombai discussed the practical steps taken by Kenya’s Water Sector Trust Fund to address governance issues. He pointed to several issues of concern that affect governance in particular: limited capacity of implementing partners, procurement risks, inflation and macro-economic trends, abrupt changes in cooperation strategies of development partners, and security risks.   The Trust Fund has adopted several tools, including a Governance Assessment Tool  and an Integrity Assessment Toolbox , to improve accountability during project planning and execution. Ombai stressed that monitoring is crucial, with projects being assessed at every milestone, also with input from local organisations. This ensures that resources are used efficiently and in accordance with their intended purposes, reducing the risk of corruption and financial mismanagement. Ombai’s colleagues at the event highlighted tight cooperation with civil society as key to this process.  David Boys – Deputy General Secretary of Public Services International David Boys brought attention to the plight of workers in the integrity conversation, highlighting difficult working conditions for many. He emphasised the importance of worker rights, safe working conditions, and fair wages, which are essential not only for integrity but also for the sustainability of water services. He also urged stakeholders to meet ODA and climate finance promises.  He was critical of privatisation, highlighting as problematic a focus on financial returns for shareholders, financial secrecy, and inflated salaries of high-level managers at the expense of workers. In this context, he advocated three measures: whistle-blower protection for workers; support for Public-to-Public Partnerships - where stronger public utilities assist weaker ones; and public management, allowing the creation of democratic oversight of utilities.  --- Final Thoughts: Integrity and Value for Money  In response to questions on the cost of integrity and social accountability initiatives, Schreiner countered that relative to the cost of providing services, investment in integrity and social accountability is not expensive at all. Improving governance and integrity should be an integral part of all service delivery. She illustrated this point with a quote from the WIGO3 foreword by Sareen Malik, Executive Secretary of the African Civil Society Network on Water and Sanitation (ANEW):  “Shying away from integrity or failing to name it explicitly does not help our cause.  Integrity and its principles and pathways for systemic change are not optional extras, but foundational elements that ensure the effective and equitable use of resources, ultimately leading to more successful and impactful products and projects.”  – Sareen Malik, Executive Secretary of ANEW (in foreword to WIGO report on Finance)   --- Call to Action  WIGO: Finance  isn't just a report—it’s a roadmap for change. But these efforts can only bear fruit if the broader water and sanitation community takes action. Every actor, from governments to civil society, donors, and utilities, has a role in strengthening integrity and ensuring funds are used effectively to improve access to water.  Watch the full video of the event  to get inspired by global examples of integrity in action.  Read the WIGO: Finance  report  for practical tools and recommendations that you can implement to strengthen integrity in your work.  Join the conversation  by sharing your thoughts here or on social media. Contribute to the global movement to ensure everyone has access to clean water and sanitation.  Together, we can make a difference.

LA CORRUPTION SEXUELLE MENACE LES DROITS HUMAINS A L'EAU ET A L'ASSAINISSEMENT « Lorsqu'une personne a faim, a soif ou n’a pas d'argent, elle devient désespérée et elle est prête à tout pour survivre. Elle n'a pas beaucoup d’options. Cette situation est exploitée par les personnes puissantes. »    Entretien avec une informatrice clé, Korail-Dhaka (2021), issu d’une étude sur la sextorsion au Bangladesh    Un récapitulatif des bases à connaître sur la corruption sexuelle dans les secteurs de l'eau et l'assainissement préparé par WIN, ANEW, End Water Poverty, SIWI et Sanitation for All: QU'EST-CE QUE LA SEXTORSION QUEL EST LE RAPPORT ENTRE LA SEXTORSION ET L'EAU ET L'ASSAINISSEMENT QUELS SONT LES CONSÉQUENCES DE LA SEXTORSION POUR LES FEMMES ET LEURS DROITS HUMAINS COMMENT COMBATTRE LA SEXTORSION Lire en anglais ou espagnol: --- 1-QU'EST-CE QUE LA SEXTORSION ? La corruption sexuelle, ou communément « sextorsion » , est une forme de corruption dans laquelle le sexe, plutôt que l'argent, est la monnaie du pot-de-vin. La sextorsion est intrinsèquement non consensuelle en raison de sa nature coercitive. Elle constitue une forme grave de violence sexuelle et une violation du droit d'être protégé contre le harcèlement sexuel, la dégradation et la discrimination, ce qui a de graves répercussions sur le droit d'accès aux services publics.   Le terme sextorsion, utilisé pour la première fois par l'Association internationale des femmes juges en 2009, se réfère à un problème mondial que l’on rencontre partout où des personnes en position d'autorité abusent de leur pouvoir pour profiter de ceux qui en dépendent.   Avec la capacité d'accorder ou de refuser quelque chose d'important, les auteurs exercent leur pouvoir sur le corps d'une autre personne pour demander - explicitement ou implicitement - un acte sexuelle. Le sexe en échange d'un avantage ou d'un service peut être exigé, ou offert, à la place d'une somme d'argent pour un pot-de-vin mais il s'agit dans tous les cas d'une forme sexuée de corruption, résultant d'un important déséquilibre de pouvoir. Qu'il s'agisse d'un fonctionnaire, d'un agent des forces de l'ordre, d'un employeur, d'un prestataire de services ou de tout autre individu en position de pouvoir, la sextorsion se produit dans tous les secteurs, tant dans les pays en développement que dans les pays développés, et touche les adultes et les enfants, les professionnels établis et les personnes appartenant à des groupes marginalisés et vulnérables. Bien que les preuves suggèrent que la sextorsion vise de manière disproportionnée les femmes, les hommes, les personnes transgenres et les personnes non conformes au genre sont également touchés.     --- 2-QUEL EST LE RAPPORT ENTRE LA SEXTORSION ET L'EAU ET L'ASSAINISSEMENT ? Étant donné que les femmes et les filles sont souvent les principales responsables de la gestion de l'eau pour les foyers, et parce qu'elles ont des besoins spécifiques en matière d'eau et d'assainissement, elles sont plus vulnérables aux abus, aux attaques ou à la corruption lorsqu'elles cherchent de l'eau ou accèdent aux installations sanitaires. En outre, le statut socio-économique des femmes aggrave leur vulnérabilité, car des facteurs tels que le manque de ressources financières ou l'accès insuffisant à l'eau et aux installations sanitaires peuvent contraindre les femmes à payer ces services avec leur corps. Le risque d'extorsion et d'abus est d'autant plus élevé que de nombreuses femmes parmi les plus pauvres ne connaissent pas leurs droits. Le manque de points d'eau et de toilettes adéquats, les prix élevés et la faible intégrité des organisations du secteur sont des facteurs de risque supplémentaires. --- 3- QUELS SONT LES CONSÉQUENCES DE LA SEXTORSION POUR LES FEMMES ET LEURS DROITS HUMAINS ? Comme pour d'autres formes d'abus et de violence sexuels, les victimes de sextorsion subissent toute une série de conséquences physiques, psychologiques et sociales. Elles souffrent en outre le plus souvent en silence à cause de la honte, de la stigmatisation, de la peur des représailles et du manque d'accès à la justice. Pour beaucoup de victimes, les avantages qu'il y a à dénoncer la sextorsion n’en valent pas les coûts, d'autant que la nature transactionnelle de l’acte peut plus facilement pousser les interlocuteurs à voir les victimes comme des complices.   Lorsque les femmes sont victimes de sextorsion pour accéder à l'eau et à l'assainissement, elles sont victimes de discrimination et leur accès n'est pas sûr, en violation de leurs droits humains à l'eau et à l'assainissement. La sextorsion accroît également les inégalités entre les sexes et entrave le développement durable, portant d’autant plus atteinte aux droits humains des victimes.    « Je suis allée chercher de l'eau et le vendeur d'eau m'a fait des avances sexuelles, mais j'ai refusé de céder. Le lendemain, le vendeur m'a refusé l'accès à l'eau et m'a dit que si je n'acceptais pas ses exigences, je ne pourrais pas aller chercher de l'eau à cet endroit. J'ai choisi de faire appel à un ami, qui est allé chercher de l'eau pour moi. »   Participante, groupe de discussion à Olympic, Kenya, projet Sex for Water (2020)  --- 4-COMMENT COMBATTRE LA SEXTORSION? Les lois, réglementations, et stratégies existantes ne définissent ni ne reconnaissent suffisamment la sextorsion comme une forme de corruption ou comme un délit, ce qui rend difficile son identification et les poursuites judiciaires. Les données et les informations sur le sujet sont également rares, en raison de la recherche limitée et du peu d'attention accordée à la question. En outre, les barrières culturelles, la stigmatisation, la honte et les risques pour les victimes contribuent à un manque de dialogue et de compréhension de la sextorsion au niveau politique. Quand les prestataires de services et les autorités publiques appliquent les principes des droits fondamentaux d'égalité et de non-discrimination et les normes d'accessibilité et d'abordabilité liées aux droits humains à l’eau et l’assainissement, l'accès discrétionnaire et l'abus de pouvoir, y compris la sextorsion, sont réduits. Les parties prenantes du secteur doivent aller de l'avant et créer un environnement permettant aux femmes, aux filles et aux autres groupes vulnérables d'accéder en toute sécurité à l'eau et à l'assainissement.  Cela implique pour les organisations des secteurs de l’eau et de d’assainissement de :  Reconnaître la sextorsion comme une forme grave de corruption et l'inclure dans leurs politiques et cadres juridiques de lutte contre la corruption ;   Veiller à ce que leurs dirigeants, leur personnel, leurs sous-traitants et autres parties prenantes soient formés sur cette question afin qu'ils comprennent que la sextorsion est une forme de corruption à laquelle il faut réagir ;   Communiquer aux usagers de l'eau que la sextorsion est une forme de corruption à signaler;   Mettre en place et communiquer à leur personnel des sanctions claires pour la sextorsion ;   Mettre en place des mécanismes formels de signalement et de réponse où les individus peuvent signaler des incidents librement, confidentiellement et sans discrimination.    Soutenir le développement de systèmes de soutien psychologique et social pour les victimes.   Prenez position, partagez ces infos, rejoignez-nous contre la sextorsion !    Sources: Eldén, Å., D. Calvo, E. Bjarnegård, S. Lundgren and S. Jonsson (2020). Sextortion: Corruption and Gender-Based Violence, EBA Report 2020:06, the Expert Group for Aid Studies (EBA), Sweden.  Feigenblatt, Hazel. 2020. Breaking the silence around sextortion: The links between power, sex and corruption. Transparency International. https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/breaking-the-silence-around-sextortion Hendry, N. (2020). Sextortion: Sexual Offence or Corruption Offense? [web log]. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/sextortion-sexual-offence-or-corruption-offence . Kenya Water and Sanitation Civil Society Network (KEWASNET) and the African Civil Society Network on Water and Sanitation (ANEW) (2020). Sex for Water Project: Promoting Safe Space for Girls and Young Women in Kibera Project, Final Baseline Report. https://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/3-3965-270-1606746371.pdf Sangeetha Purushothaman et al. (2021). Seeing Beyond the State: Grassroots Women’s Perspectives on Corruption and Anti-Corruption. UNDP. https://anticorruption.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Grassroots-women-and-anti-corruption.pdf . UNDP-SIWI Water Governance Facility (2017). Women and corruption in the water sector: Theories and experiences from Johannesburg and Bogotá. WGF Report No. 8. Stockholm: SIWI. Water Integrity Network. 2021. Water integrity Global Outlook 2021: Water integrity in urban water and sanitation. Water Integrity Network, Berlin. https://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/wigo2021 Télécharger cette fiche en pdf: en anglais en espagnol en français

LA CORRUPCIÓN SEXUAL ES UNA AMENAZA PARA LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS AL AGUA Y AL SANEAMIENTO "Cuando una persona tiene hambre, sed o falta de dinero, se desespera y hace cualquier cosa para sobrevivir. En esta situación, no tienen mucho que hacer. De esto se aprovechan los poderosos". -Entrevista a un informante clave, Korail-Dhaka (2021), investigación sobre la extorsión sexual en Bangladesh Una hoja informativa de WIN, ANEW, End Water Poverty, SIWI y Sanitation for All, sobre los aspectos básicos de la corrupción sexual en los sectores del agua y el saneamiento: QUÉ ES LA SEXTORSIÓN QUÉ TIENE QUE VER LA SEXTORSIÓN CON EL AGUA Y EL SANEAMIENTO ? CÓMO AFECTA LA SEXTORSIÓN A LAS MUJERES Y A SUS DERECHOS HUMANOS AL AGUA Y AL SANEAMIENTO CÓMO PUEDE LA INTEGRIDAD AYUDAR A COMBATIR LA SEXTORSIÓN Leer en inglés o francés: --- 1-¿QUÉ ES LA SEXTORSIÓN? La corrupción sexual, comúnmente conocida como "sextorsión", es una forma de corrupción de género en la que el sexo, en lugar de dinero, es la moneda del soborno. El término fue utilizado por primera vez por la Asociación Internacional de Mujeres Jueces en 2009. La sextorsión es un problema mundial que puede encontrarse en cualquier lugar donde personas en posiciones de autoridad abusan de su poder para aprovecharse de aquellos que dependen de él.  En lugar de dinero para un soborno, puede que se exiga u ofrezca sexo a cambio de un beneficio; en cualquier caso, es una forma de corrupción de género que resulta de un desequilibrio significativo de poder. Con la capacidad de conceder o retener algo importante, los perpetradores ejercen su poder sobre el cuerpo de otra persona para solicitar -explícita o implícitamente- actividad sexual. La sextorsión es intrínsecamente no consensuada debido a su naturaleza coercitiva. Es una forma grave de violencia sexual y constituye una infracción del derecho a la protección contra el acoso sexual, la degradación y la discriminación, que tiene graves implicaciones para el derecho de acceso a los servicios públicos. Ya sea un funcionario del gobierno, un agente de la ley, un empleador, un proveedor de servicios o cualquier otra persona en posición de poder, la sextorsión se produce en todos los sectores, tanto en países en desarrollo como en los desarrollados. Afecta a adultos y a niños, a profesionales establecidos y a quienes pertenecen a grupos marginados y vulnerables. Aunque los datos sugieren que la sextorsión se dirige desproporcionalmente a las mujeres, los hombres y las personas transgénero y no conformes con el género también se ven afectadas.  --- 2-¿QUÉ TIENE QUE VER LA SEXTORSIÓN CON EL AGUA Y EL SANEAMIENTO? Debido a que las mujeres y niñas suelen ser las principales responsables de la gestión del agua en el hogar y que además tienen necesidades específicas de agua y saneamiento, son más vulnerables a los abusos, los ataques o la corrupción al ir en búsqueda de agua o al acceder instalaciones de saneamiento. Además, la situación socioeconómica de las mujeres agrava su vulnerabilidad ya que, factores como la falta de recursos económicos o el acceso insuficiente a instalaciones de agua y saneamiento pueden obligarlas a pagar esos servicios con su cuerpo. La mayor probabilidad que tienen las mujeres pobres en desconocer sus derechos, aumenta aún más el riesgo de extorsión y abuso. Los puntos de agua y la infraestructura de saneamiento inadecuados, los precios elevados y la escasa integridad de las organizaciones del sector son factores de riesgo adicionales, directamente relacionados con la posibilidad de extorsión en el acceso al agua y al saneamiento. --- 3-¿CÓMO AFECTA LA SEXTORSIÓN A LAS MUJERES Y A SUS DERECHOS HUMANOS AL AGUA Y AL SANEAMIENTO? Al igual que ocurre con otras formas de abuso y violencia sexual, las víctimas de la sextorsión sufren una serie de consecuencias físicas, psicológicas y sociales. A menudo sufren en silencio debido a la vergüenza, la estigmatización, el miedo a las represalias y la falta de acceso a la justicia. Para muchos, los beneficios de denunciar la extorsión sexual no merecen los costes añadidos, sobre todo porque su naturaleza transaccional puede hacer que las víctimas se sientan más fácilmente cómplices. Cuando las mujeres se enfrentan a la sextorsión en el acceso al agua y al saneamiento, se enfrentan a la discriminación y a un acceso inseguro, en violación de sus derechos humanos al agua y al saneamiento. La sextorsión también aumenta las desigualdades de género y obstaculiza el desarrollo sostenible, lo que socava aún más los derechos humanos de las víctimas. “Fui a buscar agua y el vendedor de agua me hizo insinuaciones sexuales, pero me negué a ceder. Al día siguiente, el vendedor me negó el servicio de agua y me dijo que, a menos que aceptara sus exigencias, no podría ir a buscar agua en ese punto. Opté por recurrir a un amigo que fue a buscar agua en mi nombre ”.     -Participante en el grupo de debate en Olympic, Kenia, proyecto Sex for Water de KEWASNET y ANEW     --- 4-¿CÓMO PUEDE LA INTEGRIDAD AYUDAR A COMBATIR LA SEXTORSIÓN? Las leyes, reglamentos, políticas y estrategias existentes no definen ni reconocen suficientemente la sextorsión como una forma de corrupción o como un delito sexual, lo cual dificulta su identificación y persecución. Los datos y la información sobre el tema también son escasos debido a la poca investigación y atención que se presta a la cuestión. Además, las barreras culturales, la estigmatización, la vergüenza y los riesgos adicionales para las víctimas contribuyen a la falta de diálogo y comprensión de la sextorsión a nivel político. No obstante, se han documentado casos de sextorsión en sectores como la educación, la sanidad, la ayuda humanitaria y los servicios básicos.  Si los proveedores de servicios y las autoridades aplican los principios de derechos humanos de igualdad y no discriminación más las normas de derechos humanos de accesibilidad y asequibilidad dentro de sus marcos políticos, financieros y normativos como también en sus mecanismos de prestación de servicios, se reducirá el acceso discrecional y el abuso de poder, incluyendo la sextorsión. Las partes interesadas del sector deben dar un paso adelante y crear un entorno para que las mujeres, las niñas y otros grupos vulnerables tengan un acceso seguro al agua y al saneamiento. A raíz de esto, las organizaciones de agua y saneamiento deberían: Reconocer la sextorsión como una forma grave de corrupción e incluirla en sus políticas y marcos legales anticorrupción; Garantizar que sus dirigentes, personal, contratistas y partes interesadas reciban formación sobre el tema, para que entiendan la sextorsión como una forma de corrupción contra la que hay que actuar; Comunicar a los usuarios del agua que la sextorsión es una forma de corrupción que debe denunciarse a la organización; Establecer y comunicar al personal sanciones claramente definidas para la sextorsión; Establezcer mecanismos formales de notificación y respuesta en los que las personas puedan notificar incidentes libre y confidencialmente sin discriminación.  Apoyar el desarrollo de sistemas de apoyo psicológico y social para las víctimas. Lucha contra la sextorsión   Comparte esta hoja informativa.   Haz correr la voz. Fuentes: Eldén, Å., D. Calvo, E. Bjarnegård, S. Lundgren and S. Jonsson (2020). Sextortion: Corruption and Gender-Based Violence, EBA Report 2020:06, the Expert Group for Aid Studies (EBA), Sweden.  Feigenblatt, Hazel. 2020. Breaking the silence around sextortion: The links between power, sex and corruption. Transparency International. https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/breaking-the-silence-around-sextortion Hendry, N. (2020). Sextortion: Sexual Offence or Corruption Offense? [web log]. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/sextortion-sexual-offence-or-corruption-offence . Kenya Water and Sanitation Civil Society Network (KEWASNET) and the African Civil Society Network on Water and Sanitation (ANEW) (2020). Sex for Water Project: Promoting Safe Space for Girls and Young Women in Kibera Project, Final Baseline Report. https://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/3-3965-270-1606746371.pdf Sangeetha Purushothaman et al. (2021). Seeing Beyond the State: Grassroots Women’s Perspectives on Corruption and Anti-Corruption. UNDP. https://anticorruption.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Grassroots-women-and-anti-corruption.pdf . UNDP-SIWI Water Governance Facility (2017). Women and corruption in the water sector: Theories and experiences from Johannesburg and Bogotá. WGF Report No. 8. Stockholm: SIWI. Water Integrity Network. 2021. Water integrity Global Outlook 2021: Water integrity in urban water and sanitation. Water Integrity Network, Berlin. https://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/wigo2021 Descargar como pdf: en inglés en español en francés

SEXUAL CORRUPTION IS A THREAT TO THE HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION “When a person is hungry, thirsty, or short on cash, she gets desperate and will do anything to survive. In this position, they don’t have much to do. This is exploited by powerful people.” - Key Informant Interview, Korail-Dhaka (2021), research study on sextortion in Bangladesh A factsheet by WIN, ANEW, End Water Poverty, SIWI and Sanitation for All, on the basics of sexual corruption in the water and sanitation sectors: What is sextortion or sexual corruption ? What does sextortion have to do with water and sanitation ? How does sextortion impact women and their human rights to water and sanitation ? How can water integrity help combat sextortion ? Read in Spanish or French: --- 1-WHAT IS SEXTORTION? Sexual corruption, or commonly "sextortion", is a gendered form of corruption in which sex, rather than money, is the currency of a bribe . The term was first used by the International Association of Women Judges in 2009. Sextortion is a global issue, which happens wherever people in positions of authority abuse their power to take advantage of those dependent on that power. Sex in exchange of a benefit or service may be demanded or may be offered in the place of money for a bribe, but either way it is a gendered form of corruption resulting from significant power imbalance. Whether it be a government official, law enforcement officer, employer, service provider or any other individual in a position of power, sextortion occurs across sectors in both developing and developed countries and affects adults and children, established professionals and those belonging to marginalised and vulnerable groups. While evidence suggests that sextortion disproportionally targets women, men, transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals are also affected.   Sextortion is inherently non-consensual due to its coercive nature, is a severe form of sexual violence , and is an infringement of the right to be protected against sexual harassment and discrimination, having serious implications on the rights to access water and sanitation and public services.  --- 2-WHAT DOES SEXTORTION HAVE TO DO WITH WATER AND SANITATION? Because women and girls often bear the main responsibility for household water management, and because they have specific water and sanitation needs, they are more vulnerable to abuse, attacks, or corruption when fetching water or in accessing sanitation facilities. In addition, women’s socioeconomic status compounds their vulnerability. Factors such as a lack of financial resources or insufficient access to water and sanitation facilities can force women into paying for services with their bodies.  The higher likelihood that poor women are unaware of  their rights and entitlements, further increases the risk of abuse. Inadequate water points and sanitation infrastructure, high prices, and poor integrity in sector organisations are additional risk factors, directly linked to the prospect of sextortion in access to water and sanitation.  --- 3-HOW DOES SEXTORTION IMPACT WOMEN AND THEIR HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION? Just as with other forms of sexual abuse and violence, victims of sextortion suffer a range of physical, psychological and social consequences and often suffer in silence due to shame, stigmatisation, fear of reprisal, and a lack of access to justice . For many, the benefits of reporting sextortion are not worth the costs , particularly as its transactional nature can contribute to victims being portrayed as complicit. When women face sextortion in accessing water and sanitation, they face discrimination and their access is unsafe, in violation of their human rights to water and sanitation. Sextortion also increases gender inequalities and hinders sustainable development, further undermining victims’ human rights. “I went to fetch water and the water vendor made sexual advances, but I refused to give in. The next day, I was denied water services by the vendor, who stated that unless I accepted his demands, I could not fetch water at that point. I opted to use a friend, who fetched water on my behalf”.   -Participant, Olympic Focus Group Discussion, Sex for Water Project, Kenya (2020)    --- 4-HOW CAN INTEGRITY HELP COMBAT SEXTORTION? Existing laws, regulations, policies and strategies do not sufficiently define or recognise sextortion as either a form of corruption or a sexual offence, making it difficult to identify and prosecute . Data and information on the topic are also scarce, due to limited research and awareness . Cultural barriers, stigmatisation, shame and additional risks to victims further contribute to a lack of dialogue and understanding of sextortion at the policy level. When service providers and authorities apply the human rights principles of equality and non-discrimination and the human rights standards of accessibility and affordability in policy, service delivery, and financial and regulatory frameworks, discretionary access and the abuse of power, including sextortion, will be reduced. Sector stakeholders must step forward and create an environment for women, girls and other vulnerable groups to safely access water and sanitation. Following from this, water and sanitation organisations should:  Recognise sextortion as a serious form of corruption and include it in their anti-corruption policies and legal frameworks;  Ensure that their leadership, staff, contractors, and other relevant stakeholders are trained on the issue as part of gender-responsive plans and practices, so they understand sextortion as a form of corruption that must be acted on;  Communicate to water users that sextortion is a form of corruption which should be reported; Put in place and communicate to staff clearly defined penalties for sextortion;  Put in place formal reporting and response mechanisms where individuals can report incidents freely, confidentially, and without discrimination.   Support the development of psychological and social support systems for victims. Take a stand against sextortion! Share this factsheet! Spread the word. Sources: Eldén, Å., D. Calvo, E. Bjarnegård, S. Lundgren and S. Jonsson (2020). Sextortion: Corruption and Gender-Based Violence, EBA Report 2020:06, the Expert Group for Aid Studies (EBA), Sweden.  Feigenblatt, Hazel. 2020. Breaking the silence around sextortion: The links between power, sex and corruption. Transparency International. https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/breaking-the-silence-around-sextortion Hendry, N. (2020). Sextortion: Sexual Offence or Corruption Offense? [web log]. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/sextortion-sexual-offence-or-corruption-offence . Kenya Water and Sanitation Civil Society Network (KEWASNET) and the African Civil Society Network on Water and Sanitation (ANEW) (2020). Sex for Water Project: Promoting Safe Space for Girls and Young Women in Kibera Project, Final Baseline Report. https://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/3-3965-270-1606746371.pdf Sangeetha Purushothaman et al. (2021). Seeing Beyond the State: Grassroots Women’s Perspectives on Corruption and Anti-Corruption. UNDP. https://anticorruption.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Grassroots-women-and-anti-corruption.pdf . UNDP-SIWI Water Governance Facility (2017). Women and corruption in the water sector: Theories and experiences from Johannesburg and Bogotá. WGF Report No. 8. Stockholm: SIWI. Water Integrity Network. 2021. Water integrity Global Outlook 2021: Water integrity in urban water and sanitation. Water Integrity Network, Berlin. https://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/wigo2021 Download as pdf: in English: in Spanish: in French:

PREVENTING CORRUPTION AND ENSURING EQUITABLE ACCESS TO WATER, SANITATION, HEALTH, AND EDUCATION By Marcela Lopez and Josefa Vergara, WIN Sextortion is a gendered form of corruption where sex is used as a currency for bribery. It has emerged as a serious threat to those seeking access to basic public services. Sextortion is about abuse of authority and it happens all over the world. Even though victims and survivors are mainly women, it also affects children, the LGBTQ+ community, migrants, and men. It impedes access to basic services, blocks the full realisation of the human rights to water and sanitation, while undermining institutional integrity. And yet, despite its prevalence, sextortion remains taboo, camouflaged in silence. In this Integrity Talk, we explored how sextortion impacts the delivery of water, sanitation, health, and education. We looked at its implications for the well-being of women and marginalised groups. We zoomed in on the need for visibility and awareness raising, safe reporting mechanisms and better data, as well as the need for legal reform and the ways specific legislation can be drafted. The key is in how principles of integrity can help prevent sextortion and secure equitable and safe access to basic public services. With special guests: Nancy Hendry (International Association of Women Judges, IAWJ); Robert Gillanders (Anti-Corruption Research Center, Dublin City University Business School); Ortrun Merkle (Maastricht Graduate School of Governance/UNU-Merit); Jorge Alberto Arriaga Medina (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM); Diana Gómez (Consultant, UNAM); Dolores Calvo (Department of Government, Uppsala University); Sareen Malik (The African Civil Society Network on Water and Sanitation, ANEW). Moderated by Alana Potter, (End Water Poverty, EWP). This is an edited summary of the main discussion points of Integrity Talk 7 on Sextortion, which took place online on June 7, 2023. KEY TAKEAWAYS Recognising and communicating about sextortion as a form of corruption: Sextortion is not just gender-based violence and it is not just corruption. It is a specific act with different drivers and long-lasting impact on health and society. It gains from being recognised as such, so that it can be reported and addressed more effectively, and to discourage perpetrators. What we don’t look for, we don’t see, meaning sextortion is too rarely a focus of research or compliance efforts. This needs to change. Holding those in positions of power accountable for their actions and abuses: When implementing measures against sextortion, it is crucial to emphasise the responsibility of the person abusing their authority, shifting the blame away from the victims. Adhering to integrity principles: Incorporating integrity principles in legislation and policies or adopting clear standards of conduct in institutions is crucial to combat sextortion and ensure accountability from those exploiting their authority. Raising awareness about sextortion: where poverty is internalised, where disrespect and violence against women is normalised, sextortion will happen and continue to rarely be reported. Education and awareness raising on sextortion, on rights, and on the need and availability of safe reporting mechanisms is crucial. SKIP TO VIDEOS > “When we think about corruption, the image that usually comes to mind is money changing hands. And that economic mindset has largely shaped integrity efforts and until recently also limited our ability to see and address other threats to integrity. And in particular, what we call sextortion.” – N. Hendry, IAWJ How does sextortion manifest in the delivery of basic public services? Nancy Hendry (IAWJ) : Sextortion involves the abuse of authority by government officials. Individuals are forced to provide sexual favours to access services they are entitled to. It occurs across sectors in many forms. Sextortion has been reported in the water sector, for example, when the staff of a water utility demands sex in exchange for water services. There are many known examples from the education sector, where individuals are forced to provide sexual favours for academic success or opportunities. Law enforcement also sees cases of sextortion, where officers use their badge to extort sex in exchange for favourable treatment. In migration services, there are known examples of officers demanding sexual acts in exchange for granting permits or status. It is a pervasive and global problem that we have only begun to document, but the anecdotal evidence is compelling. Diana Gómez : Sextortion involves a quid pro quo arrangement, where individuals are forced to provide sexual favours in return for receiving the services they are entitled to. This creates a transactional relationship where access to essential services becomes contingent on engaging in sexual acts, further perpetuating power imbalances and gender-based violence. Ortun Merkle (UNU-Merit): In our study conducted on sextortion in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services in rural and urban areas in Bangladesh, we found that women do experience sextortion when accesing WASH services, especially water, rather than bathing and toilet facilities. The study shows that factors such as poverty, water insecurity and low literacy are risk factors for sextortion. Gender norms play a big role in how the issue manifests and is taken seriously or not. We know that WASH access is highly gendered and women face an increased risk of violence when access is not guaranteed. But we still don’t know enough about where and when this violence takes place, and who is affected (women, men, LGBTQIA+). Jorge Alberto Arriaga Medina (UNAM) : In our research about sextortion in Ciudad de México, we found that sexual violence has been normalised and is taken as a given. For example, jokes are regularly made about this practice. There is a general presumption that this exchange is voluntary, hindering the visibility and recognition of the coercive quality of this type of sexual exchange. In addition, there is a social judgment on women who are victims of the practice and not on the person abusing power. How do norms affect sextortion in service delivery? Ortun Merkle (UNU-Merit): Lots of the the reasons why women are vulnerable to sextortion are similar to why they are vulnerable to sexual and gender-based violence. But they are not always the same, and that is why it’s important to research them separately. Gender norms play a significant role in determining who can be a victim or perpetrator, and in influencing social responses. We found that these norms play a very important role both in determining who is vulnerable, how stigma is attached to the act, and whether sextortion will be reported and taken seriously as a form of corruption that needs to be punished. Robert Gillanders (DCU) : We found that none of the traditional causes of corruption seem to predict the rate of sextortion across the world. But what really matters for the rate of sextortion is the level of corruption, or the perceived level of corruption. Corruption within institutions undermines other norms and creates accountability deficits, allowing individuals in positions of power to exploit their authority for personal gain. This abuse of power opens the door for sextortion, especially targeting vulnerable groups such as women and migrants. In the context of female entrepreneurship, power imbalances are evident. Our research reveals that women entrepreneurs who wish to exploit business opportunities are discouraged by sextortion because of the significant costs to which they may be exposed. On the other hand, women involved in entrepreneurship for necessity, driven by survival, are not discouraged, underscoring their vulnerability. Dolores Calvo (Uppsala Uni.): Something important about Tanzania, where we do our research, is that there is a specific paragraph of the Anti-corruption Act that criminalises extortion and only holds the perpetrator liable. Organistions we’ve looked at in education also use definitions of sextortion that clearly focus on the person abusing the position of power. But there is still often a gap between the definition and the measures proposed to address sextortion, which focus on the responsibility of the students to say no to sextortion. We must keep in mind structural, organisational factors that enable sextortion. This might be regulations and normalised practices of corruption. What can we do about sextortion? Sareen Malik (ANEW): First you have to see. It’s essential to look beyond the surface and recognise the prevalence of sextortion. It’s important to understand what has been normalised or internalised. Secondly, it is important to pay attention to the role of advocacy and media. At first no one took us seriously. The #MeToo movement contributed to changing that. I think we have all contributed to changing the terms of the discussions. It’s not about whether sextortion happens or why we bring it up, but what we can do. We have done awareness raising in communities, we focused on psycho-social support for victims. Now we are looking at what can be done in terms of legislation. “You need to see what is going on. That queue is not innocent. That bowser coming in is not innocent. That yellow jerrycan, the guy who’s pushing it, those water tanks. A lot more needs to be done, but in terms of innovation, what is it that we can do to make sure women never have to fetch water again?” – Sareen Malik, ANEW Nancy Hendry (IAWJ): The absence of specific laws remains a challenge in combating sextortion. Cases have to be brought under statutes that encompass sextortion conduct but call it by a different name: corruption, bribery, breach of trust, extortion, sexual harassment. And the result is often an imprecise fit and has legal risks for victims. There are, however, things we can do to address the issue. We can raise awareness and work to assure that women know their rights and feel empowered to assert them. We can provide safe, confidential, gender-sensitive reporting mechanisms and whistle-blower protection. We can work to change institutional cultures by adopting clear standards of conduct and reinforcing them through education and training. There not only needs to be a clear understanding that sextortion is a form of corruption, but integrity efforts need to look for sextortion, find it, report it, and impose sanctions for engaging in it. How can the principles of integrity help prevent sextortion and secure equitable and safe access to basic public services? Ortun Merkle (UNU-Merit) : Understanding and defining sextortion as a form of corruption can shift the way integrity efforts are directed at combating this issue. Raising awareness of sextortion and incorporating sextortion into data collection efforts are essential steps in understanding its scope and impact. “It is very important to keep in focus who is responsible for abusing power for sex. Always the person abusing the position of power is responsible. This is important both to enable accountability and prevent impunity for perpetrators.” – Dolores Calvo, Uppsala University Dolores Calvo (Uppsala Uni.) : Holding those in positions of power accountable for their actions and abuses is essential to prevent sextortion. Additionally, recognising and addressing gender norms and power dynamics that enable sextortion is crucial to ensure safe and equitable access to basic public services. Integrating integrity principles in legislation and policies can help cast a wider net in combating sextortion and ensuring accountability for those abusing power. SEE THE VIDEOS Introduction – moderated by Alana Potter, EWP Framing presentation: What is sextortion and what to do about it, by Nancy Hendry, IAWJ “Sextortion is not a new phenomenon. We have always known it existed, but we didn’t have a name for it, and it wasn’t something we talked about or addressed as an integrity issue. It wasn’t a focus of research or compliance efforts. And what we don’t look for or gather data about, we don’t see, and we don’t take steps to address. We didn’t draft laws or codes of conduct that specifically addressed sextortion, and we didn’t seek to hold perpetrators accountable. Impunity was the rule.” says Nancy Hendry Sextortion, Corruption, and Female Entrepreneurship, by Robert Gillanders, DCU “We can show, I think quite strongly, that even controlling for the level of corruption and cultural factors and economic development and the kind of regulatory burden, the rate of sextortion across countries is a strong deterrent to female entrepreneurship.” says Robert Gillanders Sextortion in WASH in Bangladesh, by Ortrun Merkle, UNU-Merit “We found that women across all the areas face sexual and gender-based violence when accessing water and sanitation services. And, the likelihood of being exposed to sexual and gender-based violence was roughly the same across across all areas. But women in water insecure households had a much higher risk of being exposed to sextortion.” says Ortrun Merkle Extorsion sexual por accesso a los servicios de agua y saneamiento en la Ciudad de Mexico, by Diana Gomez and Jorge Arriaga, UNAM “We found that the different forms of sexual violence are normalised. There are jokes and expressions that suggest the practice is common and socially acceptable. There is no questioning of how public service authorities exercise power in relation to women generally. There is the notion that it is a voluntary exchange, which hinders visibility.” says Diana Gomez Sexual abuse of authority: taking action against sextortion in Tanzania, by Dolores Calvo of Uppsala University “We believe that a key to combatting sextortion is to focus on professionalism. Persons in positions of authority are obligated to exercise this authority fairly and according to pre-established criteria. It is important to stress the responsibility attached to a position of authority and the professional ethics that must come with such a position of entrusted power” says Dolores Calvo. Campaigning for change in Kenya, by Sareen Malik, ANEW “We got calls from legislators about what’s happening with that bill because not only is the water sector actually bringing up the issue documented, this is all actually going to have implications for all sectors, to address the issues of sextortion” says Sareen Malik. Discussion part 1 on legal reform With thoughts on how to prosecute sextortion, bespoke laws, asymmetric liability and reputational risks. Discussion part 2 on reporting mechanisms and support to women With thoughts on the long-term consequences of sextortion, the need for better and safer reporting, and the challenges of coming forward when violence is an accepted part of life. Discussion part 3 on striking takeaways With thoughts on the role of mothers, the need for visibility, and the need for representation of women in positions of power. Conclusion, moderated by Alana Potter, EWP

Kicking off new strategy with progress and promise LEER ARTÍCULO EN ESPAÑOL "The message is clear. We must change course to achieve universal access to water and sanitation." -António Guterres, United Nations Secretary General, in Blueprint for Acceleration: Sustainable Development Goal 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation 2023. Integrity is critical in the water and sanitation sectors because corruption and mismanagement can severely impact service delivery and preparedness to water disasters, contributing to health crises, and environmental degradation. By promoting integrity through transparency and accountability, WIN ensures that resources are used efficiently and equitably, helping to secure access to clean water and sanitation for all. In 2023, the Water Integrity Network (WIN) kicked off work on its new strategy in a context of deepening climate stress and severe water-related disasters, as well as a deteriorating state of democracy and civic space the world over. These worrying trends make the work of WIN and partners all the more important. In a sector profoundly affected by climate change, transparency, accountability, participation and anti-corruption activities, can build trust and make or break new developments. Through a blend of research, capacity building, tool development, and impactful country programmes, WIN and partners have been laying the groundwork for long-term sustainable improvements. We thank our partners for their work and collaboration in promoting clean and honest governance for the water and sanitation sectors. Thank you also to our donors and supporters for making our work possible. Key Highlights of 2023 Thought leadership and research: understanding the intricacies of integrity risks in new areas of the water and sanitation sectors WIN's commitment to research is opening up new areas of inquiry to better understand how the water and sanitaiton sectors suffer from corruption and how best to address risks. New work on sanitation, in particular Citywide Inclusive Sanitation and regulation of sanitation, identified unique integrity risks. The research will be the groundwork for tools, training and input on integrity risk management due in 2024. In response to partner requests, WIN also launched key research on integrity in water and sanitation finance, including climate finance and key issues such as blended finance and misuse of funds , in preparation of the launch of the next Water Integrity Global Outlook . “[This is] knowledge that I can use with decision makers to make a change in informal settlements.” -Participant of the online course Integrity in Informal Settlements in end-of-course evaluation Training and capacity building: integrity champions in the making Training remains a cornerstone of WIN’s strategy, with over 500 individuals participating in various online courses hosted with Cap-Net on water integrity basics as well as service delivery in informal settlements . These basic trainings, in conjunction with training of new users of integrity management tools are building capacity for a network of integrity champions among water and sanitation sector professionals. Tool development: equipping water and sanitation sector professionals for integrity risk assessment and management WIN has advanced the development of critical data tools like the Framework for Integrity in Infrastructure Planning (FIIP) and the Water Integrity Risk Index (WIRI) . These tools help identify and mitigate integrity risks in water infrastructure projects and procurement. They can guide reform programmes. WIN also consolidated InWASH - a complete integrity toolbox for utilities to gain an understanding of integrity practices and opportunities, and develop a practical action plan. The tool is now being used across Latin America. In 2023 WIN worked with utilities and small water supply systems that together reach an estimated 13.076 million people. -WIN Annual Report 2023 Country programmes: pushing the agenda for integrity from local to national levels WIN's country programs in Kenya, Bangladesh, and Mexico have made significant strides. In Kenya, a new four-year strategy focuses on collective action, integrating integrity tools into governance models, and enhancing climate financing governance. Kenyan partners also expanded work using the IMT-SWSS . In Bangladesh, a new strategy and new partners are looking towards building capacity of community organisations for advocacy and better services through integrity. Research on CWIS also strongly builds on the expertise and work of Bangladesh partners. In Mexico, work focused on enhancing water and sanitation services especially for marginalised groups, through improved management and robust partnerships with local actors. The Water Justice Plan, or Chiapas Agenda, is one branch of the work spearheaded by partners and indigenous leaders of communities in the region, to ensure electoral candidates make relevant committments to address their needs. Work was also carried out with water utilities and regulators in Peru, Ecuador, Honduras, Argentina, and Bolivia , with support from the Inter-American Development Bank. And that's not all, WIN put water integrity on the agenda at major international fora. It will continue to do so in 2024 and beyond. As WIN continues to catalyse a culture of integrity, your support is crucial. Together, we can prevent and combat corruption, enhance service delivery, and ensure the sustainable use of water resources in the face of global challenges. Join the network as partner to share your committment. Or contact us to codevelop or support new research and country programmes , Read more about WIN advocacy, research, and partner programmes in the Annual Report 2023:

Authors: Barbara Schreiner, Water Integrity Network; Catarina Fonseca, IRC associate; Patrick Moriarty, IRC; Tim Brewer, Water Witness International; Mary Galvin, Water Integrity Network With thanks to Javier Pereira, Independent Consultant A recent study estimated the annual global investment needed to cover WASH-related services by 2030 at $264 billion . Figures from the UN2023 Water Conference varied between US$182 to more than US$600 billion annually . These figures are commonly used to support the position that neither public finance nor official development assistance (ODA) are sufficient to fill the funding gap, hence we must tap private finance. This position is simplistic. It fails to address why private finance would be interested in the high (political) risk, low (financial) return sector that we know water and sanitation to be. It also places little emphasis on using existing funds better. Blended finance is often proposed as the best way to bring private finance into the water and sanitation sectors. This two part blog will look firstly at the success (or as we argue, lack thereof) of blended finance, including the challenges of loan repayments and fiscal space, and in a follow up, at the neglected yet developing area of how to better use existing funding. NO SILVER BULLET Over the last decade there has been increased interest in blended finance as a solution to the funding gap in water and sanitation – using ODA or public funds to incentivise private investment in developing countries where commercial returns alone are not sufficiently convincing to attract private money. The argument is that by using some public money to attract private finance, the rest of the money that would otherwise have been spent can be released to be used elsewhere. Behind this argument is, often, the idea that if private money is leveraged in to provide services for those who can afford to pay (e.g. middle-class urban dwellers), then freed up public money can be spent reaching those who cannot. In reality, however, it is again not that simple: blended finance “ does not necessarily support pro-poor activities, often focuses on middle-income countries, and may give preferential treatment to donors’ own private-sector firms. ” Blended finance programmes may also not align with country plans, and are often weak on transparency, accountability, and participation. Maria Jose Romero, Policy and Advocacy Manager for Eurodad’s work on development finance argues that “ [b]lended finance is yet another iteration of privatization and financialization, whereby publicly funded aid programs increasingly serve the needs and goals of the private sector. ” She further outlines the risk that aid funds end up “ subsidising private companies for investments they would have made in any case ” – investments on which they expect to make a profit, with little evidence of the achievement of additional goals. At a time when aid budgets are being squeezed, there is a real risk that these ‘innovations’ divert aid from poorer to richer countries, and from poor people to wealthy corporations, without us learning from, for example, the established lessons of tied aid , which has been shown to cost 15-30% more than untied aid. A report commissioned by the European Parliament reflects similar concerns, finding that public funds may flow to private shareholders rather than to sectors and regions in need; that blended finance may create risks for development agencies and costs for recipient governments over the longer-term; and that blending may promote the interests of financial investors rather than development outcomes. Even supporters of blended finance recognise some of the challenges. Joan Larrea, Chief Executive of Convergence, the Global Network for Blended Finance, states that “ [t]here are many cases where straight-up aid should remain straight-up aid, and there are also many cases where private sector investors don’t need any encouragement to do something because it already is lucrative enough to roll the dice and take the risk on whatever they’re staring at” . LIMITED UPTAKE AND RISKS The challenges are implicit in blended finance regardless of the sector being invested in. The water and sanitation sectors face additional challenges. Firstly, blended finance is not flowing into the sector . Overall, blended finance approaches mobilised around US$258 billion between 2012 and 2019 in emerging markets , but little of this was for water and sanitation. Between 2017 and 2019 water and sanitation accounted for less than 1.5% of the commercial finance mobilised – which covers less than 2% of the estimated funding gap. Secondly, the blended finance discussion is taking place in a context where fiscal space in emerging markets is limited , particularly in the poorest countries. Such countries have little or no room to take on further loans. Fiscal space is the “ room in a government’s budget that allows it to provide resources for a desired purpose without jeopardizing the sustainability of its financial position or the stability of the economy ”. Fiscal space is strongly linked to fiscal sustainability and whether government has the capacity to service debt obligations arising from any borrowing . Common factors that limit fiscal space include a narrow tax base, high levels of debt, low economic growth, recessions and competing demands for public spending. Inefficient public financial management systems, corruption, inadequate governance structures, and political constraints can also limit fiscal space. Thirdly, including commercial loans as part of blended finance, may pose significant foreign exchange risks to developing countries, where revenue is earned in local currency but loan payments are in a foreign currency. Local currency investments may not be readily available or may come with high interest rates, forcing utilities or governments to seek international investments. Changes in the exchange rate may then mean that loans, including private sector loans through blended finance models, become much more expensive than initially planned for. FINDING NEW WAYS TO CLOSE THE GAP There are significant constraints to financing the water and sanitation sectors in developing countries through blended finance. While it may be working on a small scale in some locales, it is not, and is not likely to, deliver sustainable finance on the scale needed to meet SDG 6. Despite the allure of words like ‘innovative’ and ‘blended’ we need to find other ways to close the funding gap. In the meantime, while more equitable, less risky methods of deploying private finance to the water and sanitation sector are being investigated, there is significant opportunity in lowering the costs of water and sanitation service provision. Much greater investment is needed in reducing corruption, improving infrastructure management, and addressing revenue collection. Using existing funding better should be the priority for the sector, and the necessary time, effort and investment should be put into this by development finance institutions, development banks, bilateral and other donors, and national and local government. Our next blog will address some priorities in using existing funds better. This blog is part of a series exploring water and sanitation sector finance from an integrity perspective, in the run up to the publication of our next Water Integrity Global Outlook on Finance in 2024. Linked references Strong, C, Kuzma, S., Vionnet, S., and Reig. (2020). Achieving abundance: understanding the cost of a sustainable water future , WRI Working Paper. United Nations. (2023). Press Release: Historic UN conference marks watershed moment to tackle global water crisis and ensure water-secure future. Pereira, J. (2017). Blended Finance, what it is and how it works. Research Report. Oxfam. The Blended Finance Project. (2021). Interview with María José Romero – Eurodad. Crabb, J. (2022). Why blended finance risks being bad for SDGs. Capital Monitor. Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation, (2020). A Knotty Problem: Turning Words into Action on Tied Aid . Bayliss, K.; Bonizzi, B.; Dimakou, O.; Waeyenberge, E.; Laskaridis, C.; Sial, F. (2020). The use of development funds for de-risking private investment: how effective is it in delivering development results? Policy Department for External Relations. Directorate General for External Policies of the Union Farr, J.; Stodulka, K.; Holland, E.; Wedl, I.; Fletcher, K.; Mason, N. (2022). Mobilising capital for water: blended finance solutions to scale investment in emerging markets. WaterAid and the Blended Finance Taskforce. Washmatters. Wateraid. OECD. (2019). Making Blended Finance Work for Water and Sanitation: Unlocking Commercial Finance for SDG 6 , OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5efc8950-en. 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