THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY WATER BOARDS “Our duty is to protect the forest and groundwater levels. When I took office, I pointed out that the billing system was not transparent and presented serious risks of weakening trust in the Community Water Board. […] We installed water meters to establish equity and access. This was successful.” - María del Rosario Pérez (President of the Community Water Board of Aldea San Juan, Municipio de Salamá, Guatemala) Many Community Water Boards in Central America establish their legitimacy by making sure they work honestly, transparently, and in an accountable manner, with the support of their community. Our report on Integrity and the Human Right to Water in Central America highlights their essential role in ensuring the fulfilment of the human right to water. Yet these non-profit organizations manage the capture, treatment and distribution of water often with little backing from State authorities, in unclear regulatory frameworks, and with too little capacity. Based on interviews with Community Water Board presidents in Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador and Costa Rica, and with a case study on water contamination issues around pineapple plantations in Costa Rica, the report looks into this paradox. In English In Spanish

LESSONS FROM THE FIRST AFRICA WATER INTEGRITY SUMMIT IN LUSAKA Water integrity ambassadors from 22 countries in Africa met to exchange case examples and good practices at the 1st African Water Integrity Summit in Lusaka, April 29-30 2014. Their experiences have been collated in a case book, which highlights the persistence and courage needed to promote water integrity in difficult political and organizational contexts. In their cases, the water integrity ambassadors discuss the very different methods that were helpful in promoting integrity within organizations, at local and national level: communication and advocacy, networking, monitoring and transparency initiatives, community participation and more. The cases included are: Burkina Faso – Lutte contre la pratique de la corruption dans la construction de grands barrages: l’expérience du barrage de Ziga Sierra Leone – Going Against the Cabal at Guma Valley Uganda – Dialogue Sessions Unearthing Allocation of Funds to Ghost Villages Zimbabwe – Integrity Ambassadors Changing Local Water Management Cultures Gambia – The IWRM Roadmap for Gambia Kenya – Scaling Up Water and Sanitation Services for the Urban Poor Zimbabwe – Promotion of Transparency and Integrity Systems in Local Authorities Malawi – Preventing Theft of Repair Materials to Avoid Prolonged Water Shortages Kenya – Social Accountability Approach to Rainwater Harvesting for Women in Mwhihoko Nigeria – Water Integrity in Hadejia Jamaare Komadugu Yobe Basin (HJKYB) Benin – Contribution à la reddition des comptes à l’amélioration du service publique de l’eau dans les Communes du Bénin Nigeria – Strengthening Social Accountability in Small Town Water Services Using Water Associations Uganda – Community Involvement in Rural WASH Procurement East Africa – Coordinating Transboundary Resources Management at the Horn of Africa Rwanda/Burundi – Renforcement de la résilience des communautés locales a la sécheresse Malawi – Citizen Action Initiative Supports Communities Demanding their Rights Somalia – Fostering NGO Accountability Through Remote Monitoring Sudan – Community Water Supply Management: Kebkabiya Water Supply System Case Study Tunisia – Integrité de l’eau dans le système aquifère du Sahara Septentrional (SASS) Cameroon – Campagne de sensibilisation des organisations de la societé civile, médias et élus locaux sur l’integrité de l’eau au Cameroun South Africa – Business Integrity Initiative in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Zambia – Integrity Management Toolbox for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Malawi – Building Water Integrity Practices into National Water Development Plans Kenya – Human Rights-Based Approach to Sustainable Water Governance Download (pdf, EN)

THE EXPERIENCE OF BURKINABE UTILITY, ONEA CONTEXT In the early 1990s, the public Burkinabe utility, ONEA, was performing poorly and was in a difficult financial situation. The rate of access to water in Ouagadougou, the capital, was barely 50%, and the rate of access to improved sanitation around 5%. By 2011, the utility was leading the successful development of the Ziga dam project and had increased access to water rates to 80%. The utility has reformed and reorganized to improve performance, assessing integrity risks to steer some of the changes. ACTION AND OUTCOMES: ONEA REFORM The reform process of ONEA started in the 1990s with a clarification of the role of the utility as a state company. The supervisory board was expanded to include representatives from municipalities and consumer associations. Changes and improvements were made to HR management systems, accounting and quality control. A key success factor in improving performance was to give more focus to client relationships and service delivery and expand accordingly. The restructuring was accompanied by a series of measures to increase transparency and accountability on financial results. A brief integrity risk mapping exercise based on the AWIS approach was a useful in steering change. ONEA was certified ISO 9001:2008 in 2010. Find out more about the restructuring process in this ONEA case study (in French only) ANTI-CORRUPTION MEASURES FOR THE ZIGA DAM DEVELOPMENT The Ziga dam is a flagship project for ONEA and a key development to ensure wider access to water in the Burkinabe capital. Specific attention was given to anti-corruption and integrity measures and processes during project management to ensure timely and in-budget completion of the dam construction. Some of these measures included a restructuring of some of the company units to better control project management. Care was also given to integrated resource management and sustainable development strategies. The procurement project was specifically regulated and controlled to minimize risk of corruption. For example, special attention was given to defining project specifications, getting integrity commitments from potential suppliers and controlling the offer submission process. The Ziga dam is now regarded as an example of good practice in the construction of works of this scale and kind in West Africa. See the whole case study on the Ziga dam project development: in English: in French:

Brief and report Published in 2013 with Waterlex “The human right to water and sanitation encompasses procedural rights such as the right to access information (transparency), the right to participate in decision-making processes and the right to ask for remedy (accountability). For human rights advocates, access to information, participation and accountability are rights-based obligations and may trigger human rights protection mechanisms. The right to water and sanitation therefore leads to the empowerment of right-holders and has the potential to transform the balance of the power between right-holders and duty-bearers – which is fundamental for effective access to information, participation and accountability.” The international community recognized the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation in Resolution 64/292 of the UN General Assembly in July 2010. The recognition of safe drinking water as a human right means that States must respect a number of principles inherent in all human rights, specifically: non-discrimination, access to information, participation, accountability, and sustainability. In this research report and brief, Waterlex and WIN, outline how such a Human Rights based approach can provide a lens through which corruption and its negative impact on water and sanitation can be evaluated more carefully and how the fulfilment of Human Rights obligations and the promotion of water integrity can be mutually reinforcing. Download the brief: Download the full report:

Brief By Daniel Nordmann Published in 2013 with support from GIZ Although regulation of water services is not introduced per se to combat corruption, it can play an important role in improving sector and utility governance in a sustainable manner. “The design of a regulatory systems is very country-specific. In many countries such as Burkina Faso, or in Uganda […] contracts between governments and utilities which set performance targets for a multi-year period are common practice. In other countries, regulatory units are created in the water administration, or competition authorities perform regulatory functions in combination with ‘public control’ mechanisms – as in Germany. In about 57 countries worldwide, autonomous water services regulatory authorities or regulatory units in ministries have been established at national or regional levels.” This brief first outlines the corruption and integrity hot spots utilities face in their day-to-day operations before exploring how regulators, when ensuring that utilities comply with rules (for example by implementing tariff-setting procedures, licensing of utilities, public performance reporting, service standards), can develop an enabling regulatory framework that will support integrity in the water sector. Regulation can serve both as a control limiting undesirable behaviour, and as a facilitator creating an enabling environment for conduct based on integrity. The author recommends a combination of incentive-based tools, such as corporate governance guidelines and benchmarking, with cooperative approaches where partnerships with utilities, users and institutions can further “support utilities in building an integrity infrastructure.” The brief includes a note of caution. “To make a regulatory system effective and legitimate, the regulator itself must be safeguarded against corruption, capture and undue interference from stakeholders.” It then closes with a set of recommendations on first steps and measures to be implemented. Download full brief:

Campaign case study Published in 2013 with support from the Sri Lanka Water Partnership and the Network for Women Water Professsionals Sand mining is not only often carried out illegally, it can also have devastating consequences on the environment that can endanger the lives of local populations. Sand mining can lead to the degradation of river beds, erosion of banks, deterioration of water quality, reduction of ground-water availability, reduction of crops yields… In Sri Lanka, it has been convincingly proven that excessive sand mining aggravated the impact of the 2004 tsunami. Still, as sand is a crucial resource for the construction sector, sand mining is booming and continues to take a serious toll on the health of rivers and coastlines worldwide. This publication documents the efforts made in Sri Lanka to counter illegal river sand mining. In 2005, a campaign was initiated against river sand mining by the Sri Lanka Water Partnership, the Network for Women Water Professionals (NetWwater) and partners. WIN and GWP provided additional support to their efforts from 2008. The campaign is a widespread effort to engage with multiple stakeholders from civil society, government, regulatory authorities, law enforcement, religious authorities and the media to raise awareness about the impact of sand mining and encourage action and stronger regulation. This case highlights the role that law enforcers needs to play in protecting natural resources and the environment and how engaging with these stakeholders helped bring about concrete change in how illegal sand mining is addressed and limited. Already, the impact of the campaign is positive. Illegal sand mining has been banned in two river basins – Deduru Oya and the Maha Oya. A strong network of partners continues to bring awareness to the issue, facilitate change and promote alternatives to the practice. Download (pdf, EN)

Assessment guidelines Published in 2014 with SIWI and the Oslo Governance Center The User’s Guide on Assessing Water Governance is the go-to reference to develop a relevant assessment framework for water governance and water integrity. Download in English (pdf, EN) Download in Portuguese (pdf, PT)

Brief By Binayak Das (WIN) Published in 2012 with the Global Water Partnership (GWP) River basins, with a wide range of uses supporting a great diversity of people, cultures and jurisdictions, require suitable institutions, policy instruments and management strategies to ensure just and equal access to water without compromising the health of the river. This brief, developed in partnership by WIN and GWP, outlines key risk factors and integrity challenges that are specific to river basin management and points to some key measures that can increase integrity in river basin management, with examples from Indonesia, Japan, Spain, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Key risk factors include the facts that: “Decision making in river basins is dispersed across many sectors and spills into different types of agencies. Large amounts of public money flow into river management and the technical complexities of river management decreases participation and transparency.” The challenges are increased by rapid urbanization and climate change. IWRM is one important approach to improve water governance at basin level. The brief highlights the role of IWRM and its effectiveness in improving coordination to river basin scale but also points to possible “increases in corruption risks as the level of social control and administrative monitoring decreases when interactions occur outside the established systems.” Factoring in water integrity in the formulation and implementation of IWRM strategies at river basin level can improve the sustainability, equity and sustainability of such strategies. The brief concludes with examples of how including Transparency, Accountability and Participation principles -the pillars of water integrity- in basin management, have already helped strengthen institutions and increased the satisfaction of stakeholders in several worldwide river basins. Download this brief as a pdf: In English: In Spanish: In French:

70% of the world’s water total fresh water withdrawal is for agriculture. 40% of our food is produced by irrigated agriculture. Poor governance of irrigation systems can affect the lives and livelihoods of millions. Water for irrigation is also a strong tool to alleviate rural poverty but also an important and coveted power lever. Understanding the complexity of the sector, corruption and integrity risks and the impact of governance on the poor is therefore crucial to our food, health and well-being. This brief examines the main governance systems and associated integrity risks for three types of irrigation systems that represent the diversity of the irrigation sector: Canal irrigation Tube well irrigation Wastewater irrigation Based on the identified risks, the brief outlines possible strategies for mitigation and cautions against implementing measures that would be be at odds with the needs of the poor. Download the brief: Download the full report:

Report By Maria Jacobson, Sam Mutono, Erik Nielsen, Donal O’Leary & Rosemary Rop Published in 2010 with the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program Uganda placed corruption in the water sector high on the development agenda by pursuing an explicit anti-corruption strategy in the provision of water supply and sanitation services. In 2006, the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) established a multi-stakeholder Good Governance Sub-Sector Working Group (GGSSWG) tasked with recommending specific measures to promote and monitor transparency, accountability and good governance. This process culminated in the creation of a Governance Action Plan to improve transparency and accountability in the sub-sector. The GGSSWG initiated a Water Integrity Study in 2008, to better understand corruption in Uganda’s water sector. Supported by WIN and the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), this exercise consisted of two complementary studies designed to update the sector’s existing anti-corruption action plan: A qualitative Risk/Opportunity Mapping Study of the WSS sub-sector, mapping stakeholders, identifying corruption risks and barriers for action. A National Baseline Survey on how water consumers, providers, contractors and other stakeholders experience integrity in the provision of water. The key findings of the Integrity Study are outlined in this report, along with conclusions and lessons learned from the process of developing and implementing an integrity study for Uganda. Download report:

This report examines and compares corruption risks in water licensing in Chile and Kazakhstan, focusing in particular on: The licence application process, The definition or scope of a licences, Bidding and trading procedures, Licence monitoring and enforcement. The analysis is based on field surveys in Kazakhstan and Chile (Eighty semi-structured and open interviews were held with licensors issuing water licenses, water licensees, NGOs, private sector managers, press, water managers, and power companies…) In both market (Chile) and state-focused (Kazakhstan) water licensing systems, the potential for corruption exists with licensing being administered by under-funded, under-equipped, and under-coordinated regulating agencies. Both cases illustrate very different examples of water licensing systems. In Kazakhstan, the State dominated water sector is in the midst of institutional and financial reform and the water licensing system is being adapted for users that are no longer collectively organized. In Chile, market-based initiatives are key elements of the water licensing system. This seems to have contributed to the fact large companies have a dominant role in securing water rights. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THIS TYPE OF ASSESSMENT Researchers can facilitate information-sharing within countries. Donors and consultants can encourage or discourage corruption. Changing the water laws does not necessarily mean changing practices; often there is a gap between water law and practice. The gaps in the system can facilitate corrupt practices. Download the Report: